Will Daniel Day Lewis Act Again

American economist and whistleblower who released the Pentagon Papers

Daniel Ellsberg
Ellsberg in 2020
Born	(1931-04-07) April 7, 1931 (age 91) Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Instruction	Harvard Academy (AB, PhD) King's College, Cambridge Cranbrook Schools
Employer	RAND Corporation
Known for	Pentagon Papers, Ellsberg paradox
Spouse(due south)	Carol Cummings ​ ​ (m. 1952; div. 1965)​ Patricia Marx ​ (one thousand. 1970)​
Children	Robert and Mary Ellsberg (1st marriage) Michael Ellsberg (2nd union)
Awards	Right Livelihood Award
War machine career
Fidelity	United States
Service/branch	United States Marine Corps
Years of service	1954–1957
Rank	First Lieutenant
Unit	2nd Marine Division
Website	www.ellsberg.cyberspace

Daniel Ellsberg (born April seven, 1931) is an American economist, political activist, and old United States military annotator. While employed by the RAND Corporation, Ellsberg precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a elevation-undercover Pentagon study of the U.S. government decision-making in relation to the Vietnam War, to The New York Times, The Washington Post and other newspapers.

On January 3, 1973, Ellsberg was charged nether the Espionage Act of 1917 along with other charges of theft and conspiracy, conveying a full maximum sentence of 115 years. Considering of governmental misconduct and illegal evidence-gathering, and the defense past Leonard Boudin and Harvard Police School professor Charles Nesson, Approximate William Matthew Byrne Jr. dismissed all charges against Ellsberg on May 11, 1973.

Ellsberg was awarded the Right Livelihood Honour in 2006. He is too known for having formulated an important example in decision theory, the Ellsberg paradox, his extensive studies on nuclear weapons and nuclear policy, and for having voiced support for WikiLeaks, Chelsea Manning, and Edward Snowden.

Ellsberg was awarded the 2018 Olof Palme Prize for his "profound humanism and exceptional moral courage."^[1]

Early life and career [edit]

Ellsberg was born in Chicago, Illinois, on Apr 7, 1931, the son of Harry and Adele (Charsky) Ellsberg. His parents were Ashkenazi Jews who had converted to Christian Scientific discipline, and he was raised as a Christian Scientist. He grew up in Detroit and attended the Cranbrook School in nearby Bloomfield Hills. His mother wanted him to be a concert pianist, only he stopped playing in July 1948, two years after both his mother and sister were killed when his father brutal asleep at the cycle and crashed the family automobile into a span abutment.^[ii]

Ellsberg entered Harvard College on a scholarship, graduating summa cum laude with an A.B. in economics in 1952. He studied at the University of Cambridge for a year on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, then returned to Harvard for graduate school. In 1954, he enlisted in the U.South. Marine Corps and earned a commission.^[3] He served every bit a platoon leader and company commander in the 2nd Marine Division, and was discharged in 1957 equally a first lieutenant.^[iii] Ellsberg returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow in the Social club of Fellows for two years.^[three]

RAND Corporation and PhD [edit]

Ellsberg began working as a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation for the summer of 1958 and so permanently in 1959.^[four] He concentrated on nuclear strategy^[3] and the command and control of nuclear weapons.

Ellsberg completed a Ph.D. in economics from Harvard in 1962.^[iii] His dissertation on determination theory was based on a set up of thought experiments that showed that decisions under conditions of uncertainty or ambiguity by and large may not be consequent with well-divers subjective probabilities. Now known as the Ellsberg paradox,^[5] this formed the ground of a large literature that has developed since the 1980s, including approaches such as Choquet expected utility and info-gap decision theory.

Ellsberg worked in the Pentagon from August 1964^{[half dozen]} nether Secretarial assistant of Defense Robert McNamara as special assistant to Banana Secretary of Defence force for International Security Diplomacy John McNaughton. [At this indicate of Lyndon Johnson's escalation into the Vietnam War, Ellsberg would later on observe the lies and subsequent embrace-upward of the "not-attacks" upon the USS Maddox, in the Gulf of Tonkin ("by North Vietnam"), which led to bombing raids into North Vietnam on August ii and 4, 1964, under orders by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This unprovoked attack upon Due north Vietnam followed Senator Barry Goldwater's presidential entrada argument where he stated that Johnson was soft on Communism, "no thing where it is!" Johnson's actions risked bringing Chinese forces into the state of war.]

He then went to South Vietnam for ii years, working for General Edward Lansdale as a member of the State Department.

On his return from S Vietnam, Ellsberg resumed working at RAND. In 1967, he contributed to a height-hush-hush study of classified documents on the comport of the Vietnam War that had been commissioned by Defense Secretary McNamara.^[vii] These documents, completed in 1968, after became known collectively every bit the "Pentagon Papers" (named afterward the "Pumpkin Papers" of the Hiss-Chambers Instance).^[8]

Through study of this body of US government records, Ellsberg came to understand about the Vietnam War that:

It was no more a "civil war" after 1955 or 1960 than it had been during the U.Southward.-supported French try at colonial reconquest. A war in which one side was entirely equipped and paid past a foreign power – which dictated the nature of the local regime in its own interest – was not a ceremonious war. To say that we had "interfered" in what is "really a civil war," equally most American academic writers and fifty-fifty liberal critics of the war do to this day, simply screened a more painful reality and was every bit much a myth equally the earlier official one of "aggression from the N." In terms of the UN Charter and of our own avowed ideals, it was a war of foreign aggression, American aggression.^[9]

Disaffection with Vietnam State of war [edit]

By 1969, Ellsberg began attention anti-war events while yet remaining in his position at RAND. In April 1968, Ellsberg attended a Princeton conference on "Revolution in a Changing World," where he met Gandhian peace activist Janaki Tschannerl from India, who had a profound influence on him, and Eqbal Ahmed, a Pakistani fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute later to exist indicted with Rev. Philip Berrigan for anti-war activism. Ellsberg particularly recalls Tschannerl saying "In my earth, there are no enemies", and that "she gave me a vision, as a Gandhian, of a different way of living and resistance, of exercising power nonviolently."^[ten]

He experienced an epiphany attending a War Resisters League conference at Haverford College in August 1969, listening to a speech given by a draft resister named Randy Kehler, who said he was "very excited" that he would before long exist able to bring together his friends in prison house.^{[11] [12]}

Ellsberg described his reaction:

And he said this very calmly. I hadn't known that he was well-nigh to exist sentenced for draft resistance. It striking me equally a total surprise and shock, considering I heard his words in the midst of actually feeling proud of my country listening to him. And and then I heard he was going to prison. It wasn't what he said exactly that inverse my worldview. It was the example he was setting with his life. How his words in general showed that he was a stellar American, and that he was going to jail as a very deliberate pick—because he thought it was the right thing to practice. There was no question in my mind that my government was involved in an unjust war that was going to continue and get larger. Thousands of immature men were dying each yr. I left the auditorium and found a deserted men'south room. I sat on the floor and cried for over an 60 minutes, but sobbing. The only time in my life I've reacted to something similar that.

Decades later, reflecting on Kehler's decision, Ellsberg said:

Randy Kehler never thought his going to prison would end the state of war. If I hadn't met Randy Kehler it wouldn't accept occurred to me to copy [the Pentagon Papers]. His actions spoke to me as no mere words would have done. He put the right question in my mind at the right time.

After leaving RAND, Ellsberg was employed as a senior enquiry acquaintance at the Massachusetts Constitute of Technology'due south Centre for International Studies from 1970 to 1972.^{[13] [xiv]}

The Pentagon Papers [edit]

In belatedly 1969, with the assist of his former RAND Corporation colleague Anthony Russo, Ellsberg secretly made several sets of photocopies of the classified documents to which he had admission; these later on became known as the Pentagon Papers. They revealed that, early on, the government had knowledge that the war as then resourced could most likely not be won. Further, as an editor of The New York Times was to write much subsequently, these documents "demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Assistants had systematically lied, not merely to the public but also to Congress, virtually a subject of transcendent national involvement and significance".^[fifteen]

Presently afterwards Ellsberg copied the documents, he resolved to meet some of the people who had influenced both his change of heart on the war and his determination to act. One of them was Randy Kehler. Another was the poet Gary Snyder, whom he had met in Kyoto in 1960, and with whom he had argued nearly U.S. foreign policy; Ellsberg was finally prepared to concede that Gary Snyder had been correct, virtually both the situation and the need for action against information technology.^[16]

Release and publication [edit]

Throughout 1970, Ellsberg covertly attempted to persuade a few sympathetic U.Due south. Senators—among them J. William Fulbright, chair of the Senate Strange Relations Committee, and George McGovern, a leading opponent of the war—to release the papers on the Senate flooring, considering a Senator could non exist prosecuted for anything he said on the record before the Senate.^[17]

Ellsberg allowed some copies of the documents to broadcast privately, including amongst scholars at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS). Ellsberg also shared the documents with The New York Times correspondent Neil Sheehan, who wrote a story based on what he had received both direct from Ellsberg and from contacts at IPS.^[18]

On Sunday, June 13, 1971, The New York Times published the first of nine excerpts from, and commentaries on, the seven,000 page drove. For xv days, The New York Times was prevented from publishing its articles by courtroom order requested by the Nixon administration. Meanwhile, while eluding an FBI manhunt for 13 days, Ellsberg leaked the documents to The Washington Post.^[19] On June 30, the Us Supreme Court ordered free resumption of publication by The New York Times (New York Times Co. 5. U.s.). Two days prior to the Supreme Court's decision, Ellsberg publicly admitted his office in releasing the Pentagon Papers to the printing.^[20]

On June 29, 1971, U.S. Senator Mike Gravel of Alaska entered four,100 pages of the Papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds—pages which he had received from Ellsberg via Ben Bagdikian, then an editor at The Washington Mail.

Fallout [edit]

The release of these papers was politically embarrassing not only to those involved in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, merely also to the incumbent Nixon administration. Nixon'southward Oval Role tape from June fourteen, 1971, shows H. R. Haldeman describing the state of affairs to Nixon:

Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman, Monday, 14 June 1971, three:09 pm. (Quote begins at about 7:thirty into the recording) Transcript hither

Rumsfeld was making this point this morning... To the ordinary guy, all this is a agglomeration of gobbledygook. Just out of the gobbledygook comes a very clear thing.... You can't trust the authorities; y'all tin't believe what they say; and you lot tin can't rely on their judgment; and the—the implicit infallibility of presidents, which has been an accepted thing in America, is desperately injure by this, because It shows that people do things the president wants to practice even though it'south wrong, and the president can exist wrong.^[21]

John Mitchell, Nixon's Attorney Full general, almost immediately issued a telegram to The New York Times ordering that it halt publication. The New York Times refused, and the government brought suit against information technology.

Although The New York Times somewhen won the case earlier the Supreme Court, prior to that, an appellate court ordered that New York Times temporarily halt farther publication. This was the start time the federal government was able to restrain the publication of a major paper since the presidency of Abraham Lincoln during the U.Southward. Ceremonious War. Ellsberg released the Pentagon Papers to seventeen other newspapers in rapid succession.^[22] The right of the press to publish the papers was upheld in The New York Times Co. v. U.s.. The Supreme Courtroom ruling has been called i of the "modern pillars" of First Subpoena rights with respect to freedom of the printing.^[23]

In response to the leaks, Nixon White Business firm staffers began a entrada confronting farther leaks and against Ellsberg personally.^[24] Aides Egil Krogh and David Young, nether the supervision of John Ehrlichman, created the "White House Plumbers", which would later lead to the Watergate burglaries. Richard Holbrooke, a friend of Ellsberg, came to see him equally "one of those adventitious characters of history who show the pattern of a whole era" and idea that he was the "triggering mechanism for events which would link Vietnam and Watergate in i continuous 1961-to-1975 story."^[25]

Fielding break-in [edit]

In August 1971, Krogh and Young met with One thousand. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt in a basement office in the One-time Executive Office Building. Hunt and Liddy recommended a "covert operation" to get a "female parent lode" of information well-nigh Ellsberg'south mental state in club to ignominy him. Krogh and Young sent a memo to Ehrlichman seeking his approval for a "covert operation [to] be undertaken to examine all of the medical files still held past Ellsberg'south psychiatrist", Lewis Fielding. Ehrlichman approved under the status that it exist "done under your assurance that it is not traceable."^[26]

On September 3, 1971, the burglary of Fielding'due south part—titled "Chase/Liddy Special Project No. 1" in Ehrlichman's notes—was carried out by White House Plumbers Chase, Liddy, Eugenio Martínez, Felipe de Diego and Bernard Barker (the latter 3 were, or had been, recruited CIA agents).^[27] The Plumbers plant Ellsberg's file, only it apparently did non contain the potentially embarrassing information they sought, as they left information technology discarded on the flooring of Fielding's role.^[28] Chase and Liddy subsequently planned to pause into Fielding'southward home, but Ehrlichman did non approve the second break-in. The break-in was not known to Ellsberg or to the public until it came to light during Ellsberg and Russo's trial in April 1973.

Trial and dismissal [edit]

On June 28, 1971, two days before a Supreme Court ruling saying that a federal estimate had ruled incorrectly near the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers,^[vii] Ellsberg publicly surrendered to the Usa Chaser's Function for the District of Massachusetts in Boston. In albeit to giving the documents to the press, Ellsberg said:

I felt that as an American citizen, as a responsible denizen, I could no longer cooperate in concealing this information from the American public. I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this conclusion.^[7]

He and Russo faced charges nether the Espionage Act of 1917 and other charges including theft and conspiracy, carrying a full maximum sentence of 115 years for Ellsberg, 35 years for Russo. Their trial commenced in Los Angeles on January 3, 1973, presided over past U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne Jr. Ellsberg tried to claim that the documents were illegally classified to continue them not from an enemy but from the American public. All the same, that argument was ruled "irrelevant". Ellsberg was silenced before he could brainstorm. Ellsberg said, in 2014, that his "lawyer, exasperated, said he 'had never heard of a case where a defendant was non permitted to tell the jury why he did what he did.' The judge responded: 'Well, y'all're hearing one now'. And so it has been with every subsequent whistleblower under indictment".^[29]

In spite of being effectively denied a defence, Ellsberg began to come across events turn in his favor when the intermission-in of Fielding's office was revealed to Approximate Byrne in a memo on April 26; Byrne ordered it to be shared with the defense.^{[xxx] [31]}

On May 9, further evidence of illegal wiretapping against Ellsberg was revealed in court. The FBI had recorded numerous conversations between Morton Halperin and Ellsberg without a court guild, and furthermore the prosecution had failed to share this evidence with the defense.^[32] During the trial, Byrne also revealed that he personally met twice with John Ehrlichman, who offered him directorship of the FBI. Byrne said he refused to consider the offer while the Ellsberg case was pending, though he was criticized for even agreeing to come across with Ehrlichman during the case.^[31]

Because of the gross governmental misconduct and illegal evidence gathering, and the defense by Leonard Boudin and Harvard Police School professor Charles Nesson, Judge Byrne dismissed all charges against Ellsberg and Russo on May eleven, 1973, subsequently the government claimed information technology had lost records of wiretapping confronting Ellsberg. Byrne ruled: "The totality of the circumstances of this case which I have only briefly sketched offend a sense of justice. The baroque events have incurably infected the prosecution of this case."^[31]

As a result of the revelations involving the Watergate scandal, John Ehrlichman, H. R. Haldeman, Richard Kleindienst, and John Dean were forced out of part on April 30, and all would later be bedevilled of crimes related to Watergate. Egil Krogh afterwards pleaded guilty to conspiracy, and White House counsel Charles Colson pleaded no contest for obstruction of justice in the burglary.

Halperin case [edit]

It was also revealed in 1973, during Ellsberg'due south trial, that the telephone calls of Morton Halperin, a member of the U.S. National Security Council staff suspected of leaking information nigh the secret bombing of Cambodia to The New York Times, were being recorded by the FBI at the request of Henry Kissinger to J. Edgar Hoover.

Halperin and his family sued several federal officials, claiming the wiretap violated their Fourth Amendment rights and Title Three of the Omnibus Offense Command and Prophylactic Streets Act of 1968. The courtroom agreed that Richard Nixon, John Mitchell, and H. R. Haldeman had violated the Halperins' Quaternary Amendment rights and awarded them $1 in nominal damages.^[33]

Plumbers' Ellsberg neutralization proposal [edit]

Ellsberg afterwards claimed that afterwards his trial concluded, Watergate prosecutor William H. Merrill informed him of an aborted plot by Liddy and the "Plumbers" to take 12 Cuban Americans who had previously worked for the CIA "totally incapacitate" Ellsberg when he appeared at a public rally. Information technology is unclear whether they were meant to assassinate Ellsberg or but to hospitalize him.^{[34] [35]} In his autobiography, Liddy describes an "Ellsberg neutralization proposal" originating from Howard Chase, which involved drugging Ellsberg with LSD, by dissolving it in his soup, at a fund-raising dinner in Washington in order to "have Ellsberg incoherent by the time he was to speak" and thus "make him appear a about burnt-out drug instance" and "discredit him." The plot involved waiters from the Miami Cuban community. According to Liddy, when the plan was finally approved, "in that location was no longer enough lead time to get the Cuban waiters upward from their Miami hotels and into place in the Washington Hotel where the dinner was to take place" and the plan was "put into abeyance pending another opportunity."^[36]

Later activism and views [edit]

Since the end of the Vietnam War, Ellsberg has continued his political activism, giving lecture tours and speaking out about electric current events. Reflecting on his time in government, Ellsberg has said the following, based on his extensive access to classified material:

The public is lied to every twenty-four hours past the President, by his spokespeople, by his officers. If you tin't handle the idea that the President lies to the public for all kinds of reasons, you lot couldn't stay in the government at that level, or you're made aware of it, a week. ... The fact is Presidents rarely say the whole truth—essentially, never say the whole truth—of what they wait and what they're doing and what they believe and why they're doing it and rarely refrain from lying, really, about these matters.^[37]

Release of classified documents proposing 1958 nuclear attack on People's republic of china [edit]

On May 22, 2021, during the Biden administration, The New York Times reported Ellsberg had released classified documents revealing the Pentagon in 1958 drew up plans to launch a nuclear attack on China amid tensions over the Taiwan Strait. According to the documents, US military leaders supported a first-employ nuclear strike even though they believed China's ally, the Soviet Marriage, would retaliate and millions of people would perish. Ellsberg told The New York Times he copied the classified documents about the Taiwan Strait crisis 50 years earlier when he copied the Pentagon Papers, but chose non to release the documents then. Instead, Ellsberg released the documents in the Bound of 2021 because he said he was concerned about mounting tensions betwixt the U.S. and Mainland china over the fate of Taiwan. He assumed the Pentagon was involved again in contingency planning for a nuclear strike on China should a armed forces conflict with conventional weapons neglect to evangelize a decisive victory. "I do not believe the participants were more stupid or thoughtless than those in between or in the current chiffonier," said Ellsberg, who urged President Biden, Congress and the public to take notice.

In releasing the classified documents, Ellsberg offered himself as a defendant in a test case challenging the Justice Department'due south utilize of the Espionage Deed of 1917 to punish whistleblowers. Ellsberg noted the Act applies to everyone, not just spies, and prohibits a defendant from explaining the reasons for revealing classified information in the public interest.^[38]

Anti-war activism [edit]

In an interview with Democracy Now on May 18, 2018, Ellsberg was critical of U.Due south. intervention overseas especially in the Center East, stating, "I think, in Iraq, America has never faced up to the number of people who have died considering of our invasion, our assailment against Iraq, and Transitional islamic state of afghanistan over the last thirty years, since nosotros first inspired a CIA-sponsored jihad against the Soviets there, and led to the invasion by the Soviets. What nosotros've done to the Eye East has been hell."^[39]

Activism confronting US-led state of war against Iraq [edit]

Protesting with anti-war group Lawmaking Pink in 2006

During the runup to the 2003 invasion of Republic of iraq he warned of a possible "Tonkin Gulf scenario" that could exist used to justify going to war, and chosen on regime "insiders" to go public with information to counter the Bush administration'southward pro-war propaganda campaign, praising Scott Ritter for his efforts in that regard.^{[forty] [41]} He later supported the whistleblowing efforts of British GCHQ translator Katharine Gun and chosen on others to leak whatsoever papers that reveal authorities charade about the invasion.^[42] Ellsberg likewise testified at the 2004 conscientious objector hearing of Camilo Mejia at Fort Sill, Oklahoma.^[42]

Ellsberg was arrested, in November 2005, for violating a county ordinance for trespassing while protesting against George W. Bush's conduct of the Iraq War.^[43]

He is a member of Entrada for Peace and Democracy.

Ellsberg criticized the arrest of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, who had exposed American war crimes in Republic of iraq.^[44]

Activism against US war machine activity against Iran [edit]

In September 2006, Ellsberg wrote in Harper'south Mag that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U.Southward. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war.^[45] Ellsberg chosen for farther leaks following the release of information on the acceleration of U.S.-sponsored anti-government activity in Iran that was leaked to journalist Seymour Hersh. In November 2007, Ellsberg was interviewed by Brad Friedman on his blog in regard to former FBI translator turned whistle blower Sibel Edmonds. "I'd say what she has is far more than explosive than the Pentagon Papers", Ellsberg told Friedman.^[46]

In a oral communication on March 30, 2008, in San Francisco's Unitarian Universalist church, Ellsberg observed that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi does non have the say-so to declare impeachment "off the tabular array," as she had done with respect to George Westward. Bush. The oath of office taken past members of congress requires them to "defend the Constitution of the U.s.a. against all enemies, foreign and domestic". He as well pointed out that under Commodity VI of the U.S. Constitution, treaties, including the Un Charter and international labour rights accords that the United States has signed, get the supreme police of the country that neither the states, the president, nor the congress take the power to break. For example, if the Congress votes to authorize an unprovoked attack on a sovereign nation, that authorization wouldn't make the assail legal. A president citing the authorization as just cause could exist prosecuted in the International Criminal Court for state of war crimes.^[47]

Ellsberg speaking in 2008

At San Francisco Pride Parade 2013

Back up for American whistleblowers [edit]

On December 9, 2010, Ellsberg appeared on The Colbert Report where he commented that the beingness of WikiLeaks helps to build a meliorate government.^[48]

On March 21, 2011, Ellsberg, along with 35 other demonstrators, was arrested during a sit-in outside the Marine Corps Base Quantico, in protest of Manning's electric current detention at Marine Corps Brig, Quantico.^[49]

On June 10, 2013, Ellsberg published an editorial in The Guardian newspaper praising the deportment of quondam Booz Allen worker Edward Snowden in revealing top-secret surveillance programs of the NSA.^[fifty] Ellsberg believes that the The states has fallen into an "completeness" of total tyranny, only said that because of Snowden'south revelations, "I see the unexpected possibility of a fashion up and out of the abyss."

In June 2013, Ellsberg and numerous celebrities appeared in a video showing support for Chelsea Manning.^{[51] [52]}

On June 17, 2010, Ellsberg was interviewed regarding the parallels between his actions in releasing the Pentagon Papers and those of Private Starting time Class Chelsea Manning, who was arrested by the U.Southward. military in Republic of iraq afterward allegedly providing to WikiLeaks a classified video showing U.Southward. war machine helicopter gunships strafing and killing Iraqis alleged to exist civilians, including two Reuters journalists. Manning claimed to accept provided WikiLeaks with secret videos of boosted massacres of alleged civilians in Afghanistan, as well as 260,000 classified State Department cables. Ellsberg said that he fears for Manning and for Julian Assange, equally he feared for himself later on the initial publication of the Pentagon Papers. WikiLeaks initially said information technology had non received the cables, but did plan to mail service the video of an attack that killed 86 to 145 Afghan civilians in the village of Garani. Ellsberg expressed hope that either Assange or President Obama would post the video, and expressed his stiff support for Assange and Manning, whom he called "2 new heroes of mine".^{[53] [54]}

Democracy Now! devoted a substantial portion of its programme July iv, 2013, to "How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Printing Told by Daniel Ellsberg & Others." Ellsberg said there are hundreds of public officials right now who know that the public is being lied to most Islamic republic of iran. They all took an adjuration to protect the Constitution of the U.s., not the commander-in-chief, not superior officers. If they follow orders, they may go complicit in starting an unnecessary war. If they are faithful to their oath, they could prevent that war. Exposing official lies could yet conduct a heavy personal cost as they could be imprisoned for unlawful disclosure of classified information.^[55]

In 2012, Ellsberg became ane of the co-founders of the Freedom of the Press Foundation.

Ellsberg is a founding member of the Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity.^{[56] [ better source needed ]} In September 2015 Ellsberg and 27 other members of VIPS steering group wrote a letter to the President challenging a recently published book, that claimed to rebut the written report of the U.s. Senate Intelligence Commission on the Primal Intelligence Bureau'due south use of torture.^{[ citation needed ]}

In December 2015, Ellsberg publicly supported the Tor anonymity network, referencing its utility for whistle bravado in general for the maintenance of democracy via the Start Subpoena.^[57]

In leap of 2019, WikiLeaks players Assange and Manning resurfaced in the news - with Assange being arrested and carried out from the Ecuadorian diplomatic mission in London and Manning twice subpoenaed to show.^{[58] [59]} Weeks later, Assange was indicted on 18 charges under the 1917 wartime Espionage Act.^[lx] In 2020, Ellsberg testified in defense of Assange during Assange'due south extradition hearings.^[61] Ellsberg has spoken out vociferously against the threats to press freedom from such whistleblower prosecution.^{[62] [63] [64]}

Support for Occupy Movement [edit]

On November sixteen, 2011, Ellsberg camped on the UC Berkeley Sproul Plaza as part of an effort to support the Occupy Cal motility.^[65]

The Doomsday Car [edit]

In December 2017, Ellsberg published The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. He said that his main job from 1958 until releasing the Pentagon Papers in 1971 was as a nuclear war planner for Usa Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. He ended that US nuclear war policy was completely crazy and he could no longer alive with himself without doing what he could to betrayal information technology, even if it meant he would spend the residuum of his life in prison. However, he also felt that equally long as the Us was still involved in the Vietnam War, the US electorate would not likely listen to a discussion of nuclear state of war policy. He therefore copied two sets of documents, planning to release kickoff the Pentagon Papers and later documentation of nuclear war plans. All the same, the nuclear planning materials were subconscious in a landfill and so lost during an unexpected tropical storm.^[66]

His overriding concerns are as follows:

1. As long as the globe maintains large nuclear arsenals, it is non a matter of if, but when, a nuclear war will occur.
2. The vast majority of the population of an initiator state would probable starve to death during a "nuclear autumn" or "nuclear winter" if they did not die earlier from retaliation or fallout. If the nuclear state of war dropped only roughly 100 nuclear weapons on cities, every bit in a war between Republic of india and Islamic republic of pakistan, the consequence would be similar to the "Year Without a Summer" that followed the 1815 eruption of Mountain Tambora, except that it would last more than like a decade, considering soot would not settle out of the stratosphere as quickly equally the volcanic debris, and roughly a third of the people worldwide not killed by the nuclear commutation would starve to death, because of the resulting crop failures. Still, if more than roughly 2 pct of the US nuclear arsenal were used, the results would more than likely be a nuclear winter, leading to the deaths from starvation of 98 percent of people worldwide not killed by the nuclear commutation.
3. To preserve the ability of a nuclear-weapon state to retaliate from a "decapitation" attack, every state with nuclear weapons seems to have delegated broadly the authority to answer to an credible nuclear attack.

As an example of the 3rd business organisation, Ellsberg discussed an interview he had in 1958 with a major, who commanded a squadron of 12 F-100 fighter-bombers at Kunsan Air Base, Republic of korea. His shipping were equipped with Mark 28 thermonuclear weapons with a yield of ane.1 megatons each, roughly half the explosive power of all the bombs dropped by the United states in Globe War II both in Europe and the Pacific. The major said his official orders were to wait for orders from his superiors in Osan Air Base of operations, Republic of korea, or in Japan earlier ordering his F-100s into the air. However, the major also said that standard military doctrine required him to protect his forces. That meant that if he had reason to believe that a state of war had already begun when his communications with Osan and Japan were cleaved, he was required to launch his dozen F-100s with their thermonuclear weapons. They never practiced that launch, because the risk of an accident was too great. Ellsberg so asked what might happen if he gave such launch orders and the sixth plane succumbed to a thermonuclear accident on the runway. After some thought, the major agreed that the five planes already in the air would likely conclude that a nuclear war had begun, and they would likely deliver their warheads to their preassigned targets.^[67]

According to Ellsberg the "nuclear football game" carried by an aide near the US president at all times is primarily a piece of political theater, a hoax, to keep the public ignorant of the real issues of nuclear command and command.^[68]

In Russian federation, this included a semi-automatic "Expressionless Manus" system, whereby a nuclear explosion in Moscow, whether accidental or by a strange state or terrorists, would induce low-level officers to launch ICBMs toward targets in the Usa, presumed to be the origin of such attacks. The first ICBMs launched in this way "would beep a Go signal to any ICBM sites they passed over", which would launch those other ICBMs without farther human intervention.^[69]

Nuclear threats by the United States [edit]

Ellsberg also claimed that every president since Truman, with the possible exception of Ford, threatened the use of nuclear weapons. Some of these threats were implicit; many were explicit. Many governmental officials and authors claimed that those threats made major contributions to achieving important policy objectives. Ellsberg's examples are summarized in the post-obit table:^[70]

President	Target	Incident
Truman (1945-1953)	Soviet Union	Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949).[71]
	People's Republic of China	Chinese intervention in the Korean War (October 1950).[72]
Eisenhower (1953-1961)	People's Commonwealth of Mainland china	Korean War,[73] and Taiwan Strait crises of 1954–55 and 1958.[74]
	Vietnamese communists	US offers nuclear support to the French at Dien Bien Phu (1954).[75]
	Soviet Union	1956 Suez Crisis and the 1958–59 Berlin crisis.[76]
	Iraq	to deter an invasion of State of kuwait during the 1958 Lebanon Crunch.[77]
Kennedy (1961-1963)	Soviet Union	Berlin Crisis of 1961[78] and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.[79]
Johnson (1963-1969)	Northward Vietnam	Battle of Khe Sanh, Vietnam, 1968.[80]
Nixon (1969-1974)	Soviet Union	to deter an attack on Chinese nuclear capability, 1969–lxx, or a Soviet response to possible Chinese intervention confronting Republic of india in the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, or an intervention in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War.[76]
	N Vietnam	Surreptitious threats of massive escalation of the Vietnam War, including possible use of nuclear weapons, 1969–1972.[81]
	India	Indo-Islamic republic of pakistan War of 1971[76]
Ford (1974–1977)	N Korea	Korean axe murder incident, in which two US regular army officers were killed while trying to trim a tree blocking open ascertainment of the Demilitarized Zone. Two days later, the tree was cutting to a stump 6 meters tall in a massive show of forcefulness that included a B-52 nuclear-capable bomber flying direct toward Pyongyang escorted by high performance fighter shipping, while a US aircraft carrier job force moved into station only offshore. Ellsberg noted that information technology might be more accurate to allocate this incident not as "nuclear threat" but a "evidence of force".[82]
Carter (1977-1981)	Soviet Union	The Carter Doctrine on the Middle E to deter the Soviets, already in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, from moving side by side door into Iran to try to control the Farsi Gulf, through which the majority of the world's oil flowed at that fourth dimension.[83]
Reagan (1981–1989)
GHW Bush-league (1989–1993)	Iraq	Functioning Desert Tempest.[84]
Clinton (1993-2001)	Democratic people's republic of korea	secret threats in 1995 on its nuclear reactor plan.[85]
	Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya	Public alert of a nuclear option against Libya'south underground chemic weapons facility in 1996.[86]
GW Bush (2001-2009) and all presidents and leading candidates since	Iran	Threats of a nuclear attack against Iran'south nuclear program.[87]

Awards and honors [edit]

Ellsberg is the recipient of the Inaugural Ron Ridenhour Courage Prize, a prize established by The Nation Constitute and the Fertel Foundation.^[88] In 1978 he accepted the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace. On September 28, 2006, he was awarded the Correct Livelihood Award for "putting peace and truth first, at considerable personal gamble, and dedicating his life to inspiring others to follow his example".^[89] He received the Dresden Peace Prize in 2016.^[xc] He received the Olof Palme Prize in 2018.^[1]

Ellsberg Papers [edit]

The University of Massachusetts Amherst has acquired the papers of Daniel Ellsberg.^{[91] [92]}

Personal life [edit]

Ellsberg has been married twice. His first wedlock was in 1952 to Ballad Cummings, a graduate of Radcliffe (now Harvard Higher) whose father was a Marine Corps brigadier general. It lasted 13 years earlier catastrophe in divorce (at her request, as he stated in his memoir Secrets). They take two children, Robert Ellsberg and Mary Ellsberg. In 1970, he married Patricia Marx, girl of toy maker Louis Marx. They lived for some time afterward in Manufacturing plant Valley, California.^[93] They have a son, Michael Ellsberg, who is an author and journalist.^{[94] [95]}

Books [edit]

• Ellsberg, Daniel (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0670030309
• Ellsberg, Daniel (2001). Risk, Ambiguity, and Decision. ISBN978-0815340225.
• Ann Wright, Susan Dixon (2008). Dissent: Voices of Conscience, Foreword past Daniel Ellsberg. Hawaii: Koa Books. ISBN 978-0977333844
• Gerstein, Marc S.; Ellsberg, Michael (2008). Flirting with Disaster: Why Accidents are Rarely Accidental. Sterling Publishing. ISBN9781402753039.
• Fabricated Dearest, Got War: Close Encounters with America's Warfare Land Past Norman Solomon, Foreword by Daniel Ellsberg, September 2007 – Publisher: Polipoint Press
• Eastward. P. Thompson, Dan Smith (ed.) (1981). Protest and Survive, Introduction by Daniel Ellsberg. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-0853455820
• Steve Sheinkin (2015). About Dangerous: Daniel Ellsberg and the Secret History of the Vietnam War. New York: Roaring Brook Press. ISBN978-1596439528.
• Ellsberg, Daniel (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury. ISBN978-1608196708 . Retrieved February 3, 2018. ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}

Films [edit]

• The Pentagon Papers (2003) is a historical pic directed past Rod Holcomb about the Pentagon Papers and Daniel Ellsberg's involvement in their publication. The movie, in which he is portrayed by James Spader, documents Ellsberg's life, starting with his work for RAND Corp and ending with the twenty-four hours on which the guess declared his espionage trial a mistrial.
• The Most Unsafe Human in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (2009) a feature-length documentary past Judith Ehrlich and Rick Goldsmith traced the controlling processes by which Ellsberg came to leak the Pentagon Papers to the printing, The New York Times decision to publish, the fallout in the media after publication, and the Nixon Administration'southward legal and actress-legal entrada to ignominy and incarcerate Ellsberg. The film was nominated for an University Award for All-time Documentary Feature and won a Peabody Award afterwards its 2010 POV broadcast on PBS.^[96]
• Hearts and Minds, a 1974 documentary film well-nigh the Vietnam State of war with all-encompassing interviews with Ellsberg.
• The Post is a 2017 historical drama film directed and co-produced past Steven Spielberg from a script written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer about a pair of The Washington Mail employees who boxing the federal government over their right to publish the Pentagon Papers. In the moving-picture show, Ellsberg is portrayed by Matthew Rhys. The picture show too stars Tom Hanks every bit Ben Bradlee and Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham.
• The Boys Who Said NO!, a 2020 documentary film well-nigh the typhoon resistance movement during the Vietnam War, including interviews with Ellsberg where he talks about the impact resisters had on his decision to risk life in prison house for releasing the Pentagon Papers. Directed past Oscar-nominated filmmaker Judith Ehrlich.

Meet too [edit]

• Jack Anderson
• Thomas Andrews Drake
• Edward Snowden
• Chelsea Manning
• Julian Assange
• List of peace activists
• Tran Ngoc Chau
• Reality Winner
• Katharine Gun

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "2018 – Daniel Ellsberg | Olof Palmes Minnesfond" (in Swedish). Retrieved January nine, 2019.
2. ^ Wells, Tom (2001). Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 36, 39, 70–95, 267. ISBN9780312177195 – via Google Books.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Daniel Ellsberg Biography @ Encyclopedia of World Biography, via BookRags.com
4. ^ Host: Dave Davies (Dec iv, 2017). "Daniel Ellsberg Explains Why He Leaked The Pentagon Papers". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. WHYY-FM.
5. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (1961). "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Barbarous Axioms" (PDF). Quarterly Periodical of Economic science. 75 (iv): 643–669. doi:10.2307/1884324. JSTOR 1884324.
6. ^ BBC Iv Storyville – 2009–2010 – 14. The Most Dangerous Homo in America
7. ^ ^{a b c} "The Pentagon Papers". 1971 Yr in Review. UPI. 1971. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
8. ^ "The Most Unsafe Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers (2010)". Movieweb.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2010. Retrieved December ii, 2010.
9. ^ Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, "The Untold History of the United States" (New York: Gallery Books, 2012) p. 384 citing Daniel Ellberg, "Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers" (New York: Viking, 2002), pp. 258–260
10. ^ Lukas, J. Anthony (Dec 12, 1971). "After the Pentagon Papers". The New York Times . Retrieved July 5, 2019.
11. ^ Thomas, Marlo; et al. (2002). The Correct Words at the Correct Time. New York: Atria Books. ISBN978-0-7862-8889-2. pp. 100–103
12. ^ Farrow, Chas. "The Post – In-Depth Review". Retrieved January 24, 2018.
13. ^ "Daniel Ellsberg of M.I.T. Marries Patricia Marx". The New York Times. August nine, 1970.
14. ^ "Marquis Biographies Online".
15. ^ Apple tree, R.Due west. (June 23, 1996). "Pentagon Papers". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved July 2, 2010. Johnson Administration had systematically lied, non only to the public just besides to Congress
16. ^ Halper, Jon (1991). Gary Snyder: dimensions of a life. Sierra Club Books. ISBN978-0-87156-636-two.
17. ^ Sanford J. Ungar, The Papers & The Papers, An Business relationship of the Legal and Political Battle Over the Pentagon Papers, 1972, E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., New York; p. 127
18. ^ Young, Michael (June 2002). "The devil and Daniel Ellsberg: From archetype to anachronism (review of Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg)". Reason. p. 2. Archived from the original on August thirty, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
19. ^ H. Bruce Franklin (July 9, 2001). "Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers". The Nation. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved July fifteen, 2008.
20. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking Press. ISBN978-0-670-03030-9.
21. ^ Meadows, Eddie (June 14, 1971). "Oval office coming together with Bob Haldelman, Nixon Presidential Materials Projection, Oval-519, Cassette 747". audio tape.
22. ^ The Almost Dangerous Man in America: Daniel Ellsberg and the Pentagon Papers
23. ^ U.S. Section of Country (June 23, 2008) Liberty of the Printing, retrieved 2019-07-15]
24. ^ "Portrait: Daniel Ellsberg". Buzzle.com. Dec 9, 2002. Archived from the original on November 28, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
25. ^ Packer, George (2019). Our Human : Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century. NY: Knopf. p. 145. ISBN9780307958037. OCLC 1043051114.
26. ^ Krogh, Egil (June xxx, 2007). "The Suspension-In That History Forgot". The New York Times.
27. ^ "United states v. Felipe de Diego, 511 F.2nd 818". CourtListener.com. Gratuitous Police force Project. 1975. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
28. ^ Hougan, Jim (1984). Secret Calendar. Random Business firm. ISBN978-0-394-51428-iv.
29. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (May 30, 2014), "Daniel Ellsberg: Snowden would not go a fair trial – and Kerry is incorrect", The Guardian , retrieved June 23, 2015
30. ^ "Practicing on Ellsberg". Time. May seven, 1973.
31. ^ ^{a b c} "Approximate William Byrne; Concluded Trial Over Pentagon Papers". The Washington Post. Jan xv, 2006. pp. C09.
32. ^ "The Pentagon Papers" by John T. Correll, Air Forcefulness Magazine, February 2007
33. ^ Halperin v. Kissinger 1977
34. ^ "Nixon White House Counsel John Dean and Pentagon Papers Leaker Daniel Ellsberg on Watergate and the Abuse of Presidential Power from Nixon to Bush". Commonwealth At present!. April 27, 2006.
35. ^ "Cold State of war Chat: Daniel Ellsberg, Anti-war activist". Cold War. January ten, 1999. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008.
36. ^ Liddy, G. Gordon (1980). Volition: The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy . New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN978-0-312-88014-9.
37. ^ "Presidential Decisions and Public Dissent", Conversations with History, July 29, 1998
38. ^ Savage, Charlie (May 22, 2021). "Risk of Nuclear War Over Taiwan in 1958 Said to Be Greater Than Publicly Known". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
39. ^ "Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg: Civil Disobedience Against Vietnam War Led Me to Leak Pentagon Papers". Commonwealth Now!.
40. ^ "IGC.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December eighteen, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2008.
41. ^ Jacobsen, Kurt (Fall 2002). "Discussing Secrets: An Interview with Daniel Ellsberg". {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
42. ^ ^{a b} "The Proficient Witness Radio Show with Michael Levine". Expertwitnessradio.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December ii, 2010.
43. ^ Helderman, Rosalind South. (Nov 24, 2005). "Antiwar Protesters Arrested About Bush Ranch". The Washington Mail . Retrieved December two, 2010.
44. ^ "Daniel Ellsberg On Assange Arrest: The Showtime of the Terminate For Press Freedom". The Existent News. April 11, 2019.
45. ^ Ellsberg, Daniel (October 2006), "The Next War", Harper'southward Magazine, October 2006, retrieved July 9, 2013
46. ^ "Sectional: Daniel Ellsberg Says Sibel Edmonds Case 'Far More than Explosive Than Pentagon Papers'". The Brad Blog . Retrieved December 16, 2017.
47. ^ Saryl Weinstein. "Congress should probe Bush's Islamic republic of iran assail plan, says Ellsberg, alert of supreme state of war crime". Warandlaw.homestead.com. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
48. ^ "The Colbert Report". Comedy Key.
49. ^ "Arrests At WikiLeaks Marine Base Protestation". Sky News. July 14, 2012. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012.
50. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (June ten, 2013). "Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
51. ^ "Celeb video: 'I am Bradley Manning'". Politico.
52. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Auto: I am Bradley Manning (June 18, 2013). "I am Bradley Manning (total Hard disk)" – via YouTube.
53. ^ "With Rumored Manhunt for Wikileaks Founder and Arrest of Declared Leaker of Video Showing Iraq Killings, Obama Admin Escalates Crackdown on Whistleblowers of Classified Information" democracynow.org, June 17, 2010
54. ^ "WikiLeaks Founder to Release Massacre Video" Archived June 19, 2010, at the Wayback Motorcar http://www.thedailybeast.com, Philip Shenon, June 16, 2010
55. ^ Goodman, Amy (July 4, 2013), How the Pentagon Papers Came to be Published By the Beacon Press Told past Daniel Ellsberg & Others, Democracy Now!, retrieved July 9, 2013
56. ^ Andy Worthington (September 15, 2015). "28 Veterans of US Intelligence Fight Dorsum Against CIA Claims That the Bush Torture Program Was Useful and Necessary". Archived from the original on September 28, 2015.
57. ^ "This is What a Tor Supporter Looks Similar: Daniel Ellsberg – Tor Blog". blog.torproject.org.
58. ^ Cole, Devan (May 12, 2019). "Chelsea Manning says she doesn't know if she'll exist jailed again". CNN . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
59. ^ "WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange charged with espionage". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
60. ^ Zhao, Christina (May 23, 2019). ""Julian Assange is no announcer" says DOJ prosecutor later on indicting WikiLeaks founder on espionage charges". Newsweek . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
61. ^ "Pentagon Papers leaker comes to the defense of Assange". AP NEWS. September 16, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
62. ^ Pireres, Sharmini (April 12, 2019). "Daniel Ellsberg: Assange's Arrest Is the Start of the Stop". Truthdig: Expert Reporting, Current News, Provocative Columnists . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
63. ^ "Daniel Ellsberg on Julian Assange's Espionage Charges". The Real News Network. May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
64. ^ craig (September 17, 2020). "Your Man in the Public Gallery: Assange Hearing Day xi". Craig Murray . Retrieved October 17, 2020.
65. ^ Daniel Ellsberg function of UC Berkeley Occupy protestation ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
66. ^ Kevin Canfield, 'The Doomsday Machine,' past Daniel Ellsberg San Francisco Chronicle, retrieved December 21, 2017.
67. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Automobile: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-ane-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 52ff.
68. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-i-60819-670-eight. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , p. 69.
69. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Car: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , p. 303
70. ^ For more on this, see especially Daniel Ellsberg (1981). "Call to Mutiny". Protestation and Survive. Wikidata Q63874626. ; Barry Blechman; Stephen Kaplan (1978), Strength without War: U.S. Armed forces as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Printing, Wikidata Q63874634 ; Joseph Gerson (2007), Empire and the bomb: How the U.South. uses nuclear weapons to dominate the world, Pluto Press, Wikidata Q63874641 ; Konrad Ege (July 1982). "U.Due south. Nuclear Threats: A documentary history". CounterSpy. Wikidata Q63874649. ; Richard K. Betts (1987), Nuclear Blackmail and Nuclear Remainder, Brookings Establishment Printing, Wikidata Q63874665 , cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Automobile: Confessions of a Nuclear State of war Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-ane-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , especially the second-to-concluding chapter.
71. ^ At the first of this incident, Truman deployed "atomic capable" B-29s, similar to those that dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to bases in Britain and Germany to deter the Soviet Union from officially transferring to Eastward Germany control of the land corridor to Berlin, an explicit part of the Soviet plan. Gregg Herken (1980), The winning weapon: The atomic bomb in the cold state of war, 1945-1950, Knopf, Wikidata Q63873810 , pp. 256–274, cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Auto: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-ane-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 319, 378.
72. ^ Truman'southward press conference warning that atomic weapons were under agile consideration for Korea, November thirty, 1950, after China entered the state of war. Charles Pierson (September eight, 2017). "The Atomic Flop and the Showtime Korean War". CounterPunch. ISSN 1086-2323. Wikidata Q63874136.
73. ^ For Eisenhower's secret nuclear threats against Prc to force and maintain a settlement in Korea in 1953, run into Dwight D. Eisenhower (1963), Mandate for Change: The White House Years 1953-1956: A Personal Account, Doubleday, Wikidata Q61945939 , pp. 178–181, and Alexander L. George; Richard Smoke (1974), Deterrence in American Strange Policy, Columbia Academy Press, Wikidata Q63874409 , pp. 237–241, cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-ane-60819-670-viii. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 319, 378.
74. ^ Morton Halperin (Dec 1966). "The 1958 Taiwan Straits Crisis: A documentary history" (PDF). RAND Corporation Inquiry Memoranda (RM-4900-ISA). Wikidata Q63874609. , cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Auto: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 378.
75. ^ Hearts and Minds (flick); Roscoe Drummond; Gaston Coblentz (1960), Duel at the Brink, Doubleday, Wikidata Q63874430 , pp. 121–122; see also Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Wikidata Q63874435 , pp. 150–155; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 319, 378.
76. ^ ^{a b c} Richard Nixon (July 29, 1985). "A nation coming into its own". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Wikidata Q63885038. , cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Automobile: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-one-60819-670-eight. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 379.
77. ^ Barry Blechman; Stephen Kaplan (1978), Force without War: U.Due south. Military equally a political musical instrument, Brookings Establishment Press, Wikidata Q63874634 , pp. 238, 256, cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 379.
78. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , ch. 10, "Berlin and the Missile Gap"; likewise Barry Blechman; Stephen Kaplan (1978), Force without State of war: U.South. War machine as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, Wikidata Q63874634 , pp. 343–439; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Auto: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-one-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 379. Notation: On p. 176, Ellsberg mentioned "ending the Berlin Crisis in 1961". Afterwards, on p. 321, he mentioned "the 1961–62 Berlin crisis." There is a Wikipedia article on "Berlin Crisis of 1961". I therefore decided to ignore the reference to 1962 in this context, as I have not seen other references to Berlin crisis in 1962 and mentioning information technology would produce an apparent conflict with the championship of the existing Wikipedia article on that.
79. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Auto: Confessions of a Nuclear State of war Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , ch. 12. "My Cuban Missile Crisis" and ch. xiii. "Republic of cuba: The real story".
80. ^ Herbert Y. Schandler (1977), The Unmaking of a President, Princeton University Press, Wikidata Q63887635 , pp. 89–91; also William Westmoreland (1976), A Soldier Reports, Doubleday, Wikidata Q63888313 , p. 338; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-eight. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 379.
81. ^ Harry Robbins Haldeman (1978), The Ends of Power, Times Books, Wikidata Q63888819 , pp. 81–85, 97–98; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Wikidata Q63874435 , pp. 393–414; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, Wikidata Q42194571 ; Ernest C. Bolt (Jan 2002). "No Peace, No Honour: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam". History: Reviews of New Books. 30 (three): 93–93. doi:10.1080/03612759.2002.10526085. ISSN 0361-2759. Wikidata Q58522397. ; John A. Farrell (2017), Richard Nixon: The Life, Doubleday, Wikidata Q63889289 ; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear State of war Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 320, 379.
82. ^ Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September i, 2006). "U.Southward. nuclear threats: Then and now". Message of the Atomic Scientists. 62 (5): 69–71. doi:10.2968/062005016. ISSN 0096-3402. Wikidata Q62111338. ; John K. Singlaub (1991), Hazardous Duty: An American soldier in the twentieth century, Pinnacle Books, Wikidata Q63892384 ; Richard A. Mobley (June 22, 2003). "Revisiting the Korean Tree-Trimming Incident". Joint Strength Quarterly. Wikidata Q63893129. , pp. 110–111, 113–114; consequent with Barry Blechman; Stephen Kaplan (1978), Force without War: U.S. War machine as a political instrument, Brookings Institution Press, Wikidata Q63874634 ; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-viii. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 321, 379.
83. ^ This event was about unknown at the time exterior surreptitious regime circles. It was discussed six years afterwards by Benjamin F. Schemmer (September 1, 1986). "Was the U.s. ready to resort to nuclear weapons for the Persian Gulf in 1980?" (PDF). War machine Journal International. ISSN 0196-3597. Wikidata Q63917293. and picked upward by Richard Halloran (September 2, 1986). "Washington Talk; How leaders call back the unthinkable". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Wikidata Q63916660. . It was described by Carter's Press Secretary Jody Powell as "the most serious nuclear crunch since the Cuban Missile Crisis." See too Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-one-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 321, 380.
84. ^ Robert S. Norris; Hans M. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: Then and at present". Bulletin of the Diminutive Scientists. 62 (5): 69–71. doi:10.2968/062005016. ISSN 0096-3402. Wikidata Q62111338. , p. 71; William Arkin (Oct 16, 1996). "Calculated Ambiguity: Nuclear weapons and the Gulf War". The Washington Quarterly. 19 (4): two–18. ISSN 0163-660X. Wikidata Q63919049. ; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear State of war Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-ane-60819-670-eight. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 321, 380.
85. ^ Robert S. Norris; Hans Yard. Kristensen (September ane, 2006). "U.S. nuclear threats: And then and now". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 62 (5): 69–71. doi:x.2968/062005016. ISSN 0096-3402. Wikidata Q62111338. , p. lxx, citing testimony by Full general Eugene E. Habiger before the U.S. Senate Armed forces Commission, March 13, 1977; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-1-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 321, 380.
86. ^ Robert S. Norris; Hans 1000. Kristensen (September 1, 2006). "U.Due south. nuclear threats: And so and now". Message of the Atomic Scientists. 62 (5): 69–71. doi:ten.2968/062005016. ISSN 0096-3402. Wikidata Q62111338. , citing Robert Burns (May i, 1996). "Nuclear weapons only option for Usa to hit cached targets". Jane's Defence Weekly. ISSN 0265-3818. Wikidata Q63919240. ; cited from Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-i-60819-670-eight. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 322, 380.
87. ^ Daniel Ellsberg (2017). The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN978-one-60819-670-8. OL 26425340M. Wikidata Q63862699. , pp. 327–332, 380–381
88. ^ "Ron Ridenhour Backbone Prize". Ridenhour.org. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
89. ^ Right Livelihood Award Archived June twenty, 2010, at the Wayback Car Daniel Ellsberg 2006
90. ^ "Laureates – Dresden-Preis". dresdner-friedenspreis.de. Archived from the original on January iv, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
91. ^ Blaguszewski, Ed. "Historic Collection of Whistleblower Daniel Ellsberg's Life Work Caused by University of Massachusetts Amherst Materials Include His Prominent Role in the Pentagon Papers, Fight Against Nuclear Weapons". University of Massachusetts AMherst . Retrieved Oct 30, 2019.
92. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Motorcar: Ellsberg, Daniel. "The Daniel Ellsberg Collection: I. Contents of the Annal". YouTube . Retrieved October thirty, 2019.
93. ^ Mill Valley's counter culture on brandish, Marin Contained Journal, Mary Ann Hogan, Mary Ann Maggiore, Mary Anne Ostrom, January 25, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
94. ^ Spake, Amanda (September–Oct 1982). "Ellsberg Rising". Mother Jones. San Francisco. pp. 40–46. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
95. ^ Who Is Michael Ellsberg?. Ellsberg.com.
96. ^ "The Documentary Flick about Daniel Ellsberg, from Ehrlich and Goldsmith's Most Dangerous Man". Mostdangerousman.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2010.

7a. ^ PBS Bio on LBJ, part ane

Further reading [edit]

• Official proper name of the Pentagon Papers: History of United states of america Controlling Process on Vietnam Policy, 1945–1967
• The New York Times version of the Pentagon Papers: June xiii, 14, xv and July 1, ii, iii, 4 and 5, 1971. Late in this year this edited version was published in the book The Pentagon Papers equally published past North.Y. Times, Bantam Books, Toronto – New York – London, 1971
• United states of america-Vietnam Relations 1945–67, Department of Defense Written report, 12 vols., Government Press Part, Washington, 1971. This is the official and consummate edition of the Pentagon Papers, published by the Government later the release by the press
• UNGAR, Sanford, The Papers and the Papers: An Account of the Legal and Political Battle over the Pentagon Papers, E.P. Dutton & Co, New York, 1972

External links [edit]

• Official website
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Daniel Ellsberg at IMDb
• The Daniel Ellsberg drove at the Net Archive
• The Pentagon Papers
• Espionage Act 1917
• The Truth-Telling Project – Project formed by Ellsberg for whistleblowers
• 2006 Right Livelihood Honour Recipient Daniel Ellsberg
• "The Doomsday Machine | Daniel Ellsberg | Talks at Google". YouTube. February 1, 2018.
• Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "On Julian Assange: Marianne Williamson in Conversation with Daniel Ellsberg". YouTube. July 26, 2021.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg

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